Which of the following is NOT a core function of public health?

• A. Assessment
• B. Policy Development
• C. Assurance
• D. Enforcement

Answer: (D)

Public health rests on three primary functions: assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment involves gathering and analyzing data on health status and problems in the community. Policy development uses that information to craft policies and interventions aimed at improving health. Assurance ensures that essential health services are available, that programs are effective, and that the public health system has a competent workforce and functioning oversight.

Enforcement is not one of these three core functions. It’s a regulatory tool that may be used to ensure compliance with health laws and regulations (for example, licensing, inspections, or sanctions), and it supports assurance, but it isn’t listed as a core function itself.